Steel grades
372 grades found.
09CuPCrNi-A
09CuPCrNi-A is China’s GB/T 4171 weathering steel — the name itself lists the alloy system (Cu-P-Cr-Ni) — and is the dom…
1.0715 (11SMn30)
11SMn30 (1.0715) is Europe’s standard sulfur free-cutting steel under EN 10087: about 0.30% sulfur and almost no silicon…
1.0718 (11SMnPb30)
11SMnPb30 (1.0718) is the leaded version of 11SMn30 and one of the fastest-machining bar steels in the EN system. The le…
1.0721 (10S20)
10S20 (1.0721) is a case-hardening free-cutting steel under EN 10087: moderate sulfur (0.15–0.25%) balances machinabilit…
1.0737 (11SMnPb37)
11SMnPb37 (1.0737) pushes the EN leaded free-cutting concept furthest: sulfur raised to 0.34–0.40% and manganese to 1.00…
1.2067
1.2067 is a through-hardening chromium cold work steel of the bearing-steel family (similar to 100Cr6/L3 practice). It g…
1.2083
1.2083 is a martensitic stainless mold steel (420 type) combining corrosion resistance with high polishability. It is th…
1.2311
1.2311 is a prehardened Cr-Mn-Mo plastic mold steel, the European workhorse for injection molds and die holders. It is d…
1.2312
1.2312 is the sulfur-added, free-machining version of 1.2311. The added sulfur dramatically improves machinability, at t…
1.2316
1.2316 is a prehardened stainless mold steel with about 17% chromium and molybdenum for improved corrosion resistance ov…
1.2365 / 32CrMoV12-28
1.2365 is the high-molybdenum hot work steel of the H10 family: nearly 3% Mo buys outstanding tempering resistance and h…
1.2367 / X38CrMoV5-3
1.2367 is a modified H11-type hot work steel with the molybdenum raised to about 3%, closing most of the hot-strength ga…
1.2436 (D6)
1.2436 is the tungsten-bearing D6 cold work steel: D3-class carbide volume with tungsten added for air hardening and sup…
1.2550
1.2550 (60WCrV7) is the European tungsten shock-resisting tool steel, the close counterpart of AISI S1. It is a staple f…
1.2601
1.2601 (X165CrMoV12) sits between D2 and D6: high carbon and 12% chromium with small Mo, W and V additions balancing wea…
1.2709 Maraging / X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5
1.2709 is an 18% nickel maraging steel — the grade behind most metal 3D-printing (LPBF) tooling and high-end die inserts…
1.2738
1.2738 is P20 chemistry upgraded with about 1% nickel for through-hardening of very large molds. It keeps hardness unifo…
1.2767
1.2767 is a 4% nickel mold and die steel with outstanding toughness and through-hardening in thick sections. It is chose…
1.2842
1.2842 (90MnCrV8) is the DIN designation of the O2 oil-hardening manganese tool steel — one of the most stocked tool ste…
1.8550 / 34CrAlNi7-10
1.8550 (34CrAlNi7-10) is the premium European nitriding steel: its aluminium is the nitride former that builds the extre…
1008
1008 is a very low carbon steel with excellent cold formability and weldability. It is the standard grade for cold-heade…
100Cr6
100Cr6 is the EN designation (1.3505) of the universal 1%C–1.5%Cr bearing steel, specified under EN ISO 683-17 with defi…
1010
1010 is a low carbon steel for lightly loaded parts that need good formability, weldability and an optional carburized c…
1015
1015 is a low carbon carburizing-grade steel for small parts needing a hard wear surface over a ductile core. It bridges…
1018
1018 is one of the most commonly stocked cold drawn bars in North America: a low carbon steel with higher manganese than…
1022
1022 is a low carbon, higher manganese steel with better hardenability than 1020 at the same carbon level. It is used fo…
1025
1025 is a low-medium carbon steel for general machinery parts that need a step up in strength from 1020 while keeping go…
1030
1030 is a medium carbon steel at the lower edge of the heat-treatable range: it responds to quenching in thin sections a…
1035
1035 is a medium carbon steel for shafts and forged parts of moderate strength. It heat treats more reliably than 1030 a…
1038
1038 is a medium carbon steel widely used in North American cold drawn and hot rolled bar for shafts and bolts. It sits …
1040
1040 is a medium carbon steel for moderately stressed shafts, bolts and gears. It is the plain-carbon predecessor of 514…
1045
1045 is the world’s most common medium-carbon steel — the default for shafts, hydraulic rods and plates that need more s…
1050
1050 is a medium-high carbon steel whose chemistry matches JIS S50C and EN C50. It is used for wear-exposed shafts, spri…
1055
1055 is a high-medium carbon steel for parts needing a hard, wear-resistant surface with a resilient core. It overlaps t…
1060
1060 is a high carbon steel for springs, wear parts and tools of moderate duty. It hardens reliably in small sections an…
1065
1065 is a high carbon spring-range steel, close in carbon to GB 65 steel but with the lower manganese of the SAE series.…
1070
1070 is a high carbon steel for springs and cutting/wear applications needing more hardness than 1060/1065 deliver. It i…
1075
1075 is a high carbon steel with slightly lower manganese than 1070/1080, widely traded as spring strip and bar. It take…
1080
1080 sits at the eutectoid carbon level: fully pearlitic when normalized and capable of high hardness after quenching. I…
1084
1084 is a eutectoid-plus high carbon steel popular for blades and springs because its simple chemistry heat treats forgi…
1095
1095 is the highest-carbon steel of the standard SAE bar series: very hard and wear resistant after quenching, but britt…
10B21
10B21 is a boron-treated cold-heading steel: a trace of boron multiplies the hardenability of a 0.20% carbon steel, lett…
1117
1117 is a resulfurized free-machining steel: added sulfur and high manganese give fast, clean cutting while keeping enou…
1137
1137 is a medium carbon, high manganese resulfurized steel combining free-machining behavior with useful strength. It is…
1140
1140 is the resulfurized free-machining counterpart of 1040, with the same carbon class but sulfur added for chip breaki…
1141
1141 pairs 1040-class carbon with 1.35–1.65% manganese and resulfurization, giving free-machining bar with better harden…
1144
1144 is a heavily resulfurized, high manganese carbon steel that reaches high strength in the as-drawn condition while m…
1215
1215 is a rephosphorized and resulfurized free-cutting steel with very low carbon, built purely for machining speed. It …
12Cr1MoVG
12Cr1MoVG is the Chinese Cr-Mo-V boiler tube steel of GB/T 5310, a mainstay for superheater and reheater tubes and main …
12L14
12L14 is the leaded free-cutting steel: lead, sulfur and phosphorus together give the highest machinability of any stand…
13CrMo4-5
13CrMo4-5 is the EN 10028-2 1Cr-0.5Mo creep-resisting plate for boilers, hot vessels and power piping. It is the Europea…
15-5PH
15-5PH is a refinement of 17-4PH with tighter control of delta ferrite, giving better transverse toughness and ductility…
1524
1524 is a low carbon steel with 1.35–1.65% manganese, giving noticeably better hardenability and core strength than 1020…
1541
1541 upgrades 1040-class carbon with high manganese, the cheapest way to buy hardenability in a plain steel. It is widel…
1566
1566 is a high carbon, high manganese steel for springs and wear parts needing deeper hardening than 1065 provides. Its …
15CrMoG
15CrMoG is China’s 1Cr-0.5Mo heat-resistant steel for boiler tube (GB/T 5310) and vessel plate, the domestic counterpart…
16MnCr5
16MnCr5 is the most common European case-hardening steel for small-to-medium gears — the EN counterpart of the 8620 conc…
16Mo3
16Mo3 is a molybdenum-alloyed pressure-vessel steel to EN 10028-2, specified for boilers and hot vessels up to about 530…
17-4PH
17-4PH (type 630) is the most widely used precipitation-hardening stainless steel, combining near-316 corrosion resistan…
17-7PH
17-7PH (type 631) is a semi-austenitic precipitation-hardening stainless supplied soft and formable, then transformed an…
17CrNiMo6
17CrNiMo6 is the classic German case-hardening steel for large, heavily loaded gears, now carried in EN 10084 as 18CrNiM…
18CrNiMo7-6
18CrNiMo7-6 is the EN 10084 case-hardening steel (1.6587) for the largest, most heavily loaded gears in wind, marine and…
20
20 is China’s GB/T 699 quality carbon steel matching AISI 1020 and JIS S20C — the domestic Chinese designation buyers se…
201
201 is a chromium-manganese austenitic stainless steel in which manganese and nitrogen replace part of the nickel of 304…
202
202 is a chromium-manganese austenitic grade similar to 201 but with higher manganese and slightly more chromium and nic…
20Cr
20Cr is China’s basic carburizing chromium steel (GB/T 3077), the counterpart of AISI 5120 and JIS SCr420 for case-harde…
20CrMnTi
20CrMnTi is China’s dominant carburizing gear steel (GB/T 3077): a Cr-Mn steel micro-alloyed with titanium for grain con…
20CrMo
20CrMo is the GB/T 3077 chromium-molybdenum carburizing steel — the molybdenum-bearing counterpart of 20Cr and the Chine…
20Mn
20Mn is the high-manganese variant of grade 20 in GB/T 699: the same low carbon but 0.70–1.00% manganese for higher stre…
20MnCr5
20MnCr5 is the European Mn-Cr carburizing steel for larger gears and shafts, with higher core strength than 16MnCr5.…
20g
20g is the classic Chinese plain-carbon boiler plate of GB/T 713, long used for low and medium-pressure boiler drums and…
2101 Duplex
2101 is a lean duplex stainless in which manganese and nitrogen replace most of the nickel, giving roughly twice the yie…
2205 Duplex
2205 is the most widely used duplex stainless steel, with a roughly 50/50 ferrite-austenite structure giving twice the y…
2304 Duplex
2304 is a lean duplex grade with corrosion resistance comparable to 316L and roughly double its yield strength, without …
25
25 is the GB/T 699 carbon steel between 1020 and 1030 in carbon content, matching AISI 1025 / JIS S25C. A general machin…
2507 Super Duplex
2507 is a super duplex stainless with 25% chromium, 4% molybdenum and high nitrogen, giving a PREN above 40 and outstand…
253MA
253MA is a nitrogen-alloyed, cerium-bearing heat-resistant austenitic stainless (a proprietary Outokumpu grade under UNS…
254 SMO
254 SMO is a 6% molybdenum super-austenitic stainless with nitrogen and copper, giving a PREN above 42. It was developed…
27SiMn
27SiMn is a Chinese Si-Mn alloy steel specified for hydraulic cylinder tubes and coal-mine hydraulic props — high Q&T st…
2Cr13
2Cr13 (new designation 20Cr13) is China’s 420-type martensitic stainless: a hardenable 13% chromium steel used Q&T for p…
30
30 is the GB/T 699 grade matching AISI 1030 / JIS S30C — the first GB carbon grade with useful quench-and-temper respons…
301
301 is a metastable austenitic stainless steel with lower nickel than 304, so it work-hardens dramatically during cold f…
302
302 is essentially 304 with a slightly higher carbon allowance, giving a little more strength after cold work. It is wid…
303
303 is the free-machining version of 304, with sulfur (and often phosphorus) added to break chips. It is the standard ba…
304
304 is the most widely used stainless steel in the world, an 18-8 austenitic grade balancing corrosion resistance, forma…
304H
304H is the high-carbon variant of 304, with carbon held between 0.04 and 0.10% to guarantee creep-rupture strength at e…
304L
304L is the low-carbon version of 304, specified for welded fabrications because its carbon cap of 0.030% prevents sensi…
305
305 is a high-nickel austenitic grade whose extra nickel lowers the work-hardening rate compared with 304. It is chosen …
309
309 is a high-chromium, high-nickel austenitic grade developed for elevated-temperature oxidation resistance. It also se…
309S
309S is the low-carbon version of 309, preferred for welded high-temperature fabrications because it resists carbide pre…
30CrMnSiA
30CrMnSiA is a Chinese high-strength structural steel (GB/T 3077, of the Soviet 30KhGSA lineage) that reaches 1080 MPa c…
30CrNiMo8
30CrNiMo8 is a high-hardenability EN Q&T steel (1.6580) with about 2% each of chromium and nickel. It is specified for l…
310
310 is a 25Cr-20Ni heat-resistant austenitic grade with excellent oxidation resistance up to about 1035 °C in continuous…
310S
310S is the low-carbon version of 310 and the most common heat-resistant sheet and plate grade for welded furnace fabric…
314
314 is a heat-resistant grade like 310 but with silicon raised to 1.50–3.00% for still better scaling resistance in cycl…
316
316 adds 2–3% molybdenum to the 18-10 base of 304, which markedly improves pitting and crevice corrosion resistance in c…
316H
316H is the high-carbon variant of 316, specified where creep strength is required in high-temperature pressure equipmen…
316L
316L is the low-carbon version of 316 and the most specified molybdenum-bearing stainless for welded equipment. It combi…
316LN
316LN is 316L chemistry reinforced with 0.10–0.16% nitrogen. The nitrogen raises yield strength by roughly a quarter ove…
316Ti
316Ti is the titanium-stabilised version of 316, long standardised in European practice as 1.4571. The titanium binds ca…
317
317 increases molybdenum to 3–4% over 316, giving a further step in pitting and acid resistance for aggressive chemical …
317L
317L is the low-carbon version of 317, with 3–4% molybdenum for welded equipment in hot chloride and acid service beyond…
317LMN
317LMN is the low-carbon, nitrogen-bearing version of the 317 family with 4–5% molybdenum. It sits between 317L and the …
321
321 is a titanium-stabilised 18-10 stainless developed for welded equipment operating between 425 and 900 °C, where unst…
321H
321H is the high-carbon, titanium-stabilised variant of 321, combining sensitisation resistance with guaranteed creep st…
329
329 is the original commercial duplex stainless (the JIS SUS329J1 family), a 25% chromium, low-nickel ferritic-austeniti…
347
347 is the niobium-stabilised counterpart of 321, preferred for welded high-temperature service because niobium carbides…
347H
347H is the high-carbon niobium-stabilised grade for creep-range pressure service, combining the sensitisation resistanc…
34CrMo4
34CrMo4 is the EN Q&T Cr-Mo steel (1.7220) one step below 42CrMo4, the European counterpart of the 4135/SCM435 family. I…
34CrNiMo6
34CrNiMo6 is the EN Ni-Cr-Mo Q&T steel (1.6582) for wind-energy shafts, large gears and heavy machinery. Its balanced 1.…
35
35 is the GB/T 699 equivalent of AISI 1035 / JIS S35C, a medium-carbon machinery steel widely stocked in China as round …
353MA
353MA is a silicon-, nitrogen- and cerium-alloyed heat-resistant austenitic stainless (a proprietary Alleima grade under…
35CrMo
35CrMo is the GB/T 3077 Cr-Mo steel between 4130 and 4140 in carbon, matching AISI 4135 and JIS SCM435 — a staple Chines…
38CrMoAlA
38CrMoAlA is China’s standard nitriding steel (GB/T 3077): the 0.70–1.10% aluminium addition gives an exceptionally hard…
3Cr13
3Cr13 (new designation 30Cr13) is the higher-carbon 420-family stainless of GB/T 1220 — the volume Chinese grade for kni…
3Cr2W8V
3Cr2W8V is the GB/T 1299 tungsten hot work steel, the Chinese designation of the H21 family. It remains widely stocked i…
40
40 is the GB/T 699 counterpart of AISI 1040 / JIS S40C — a step below 45 (1045) in carbon, chosen where weldability and …
403
403 is a 12% chromium martensitic stainless developed for steam turbine blades, where controlled cleanliness and temper …
405
405 is an aluminium-bearing ferritic stainless designed to remain non-hardening when cooled from welding temperatures, u…
409
409 is a titanium-stabilised 11% chromium ferritic stainless developed for automotive exhaust systems. It offers enough …
40Cr
40Cr is China’s most-used alloy structural steel (GB/T 3077) — a Cr steel equivalent to AISI 5140 and JIS SCr440, stocke…
40CrNiMoA
40CrNiMoA is the GB/T 3077 Ni-Cr-Mo steel corresponding to AISI 4340 — China’s high-hardenability grade for large, highl…
40Mn
40Mn is the GB/T 699 manganese-enhanced version of grade 40 — a low-cost Q&T machinery steel common in Chinese domestic …
410
410 is the basic martensitic stainless steel, the lowest-cost grade that can be hardened by heat treatment. It trades co…
410L
410L is a low-carbon 12% chromium ferritic stainless: reducing carbon below 0.03% keeps it soft, weldable and free of th…
410S
410S is the low-carbon, non-hardening version of 410: with carbon held below 0.08% it does not form brittle martensite i…
4118
4118 is a low carbon Cr-Mo carburizing steel, the economy case-hardening grade of the 41xx family. Its small molybdenum …
4130
4130 is a low-alloy Cr-Mo steel famous for weldable high strength in tube form — aircraft structures, racing chassis, bi…
4135
4135 is the mid-carbon Cr-Mo Q&T steel one step below 4140, matching JIS SCM435 and GB 35CrMo almost exactly. It is a st…
4140
4140 is the most popular Cr-Mo engineering steel in the world: a through-hardening grade for shafts, gears, bolts and hy…
4142
4142 is a Cr-Mo steel a touch higher in carbon than 4140, giving slightly higher attainable hardness at the cost of toug…
4145
4145 is the high-carbon end of the standard Cr-Mo bar family, widely specified in oilfield practice (drill collars, subs…
4150
4150 is a 0.50% carbon Cr-Mo steel for parts needing high Q&T strength and wear resistance: gun barrels, heavy gears and…
416
416 is the free-machining version of 410, with sulfur added so it cuts faster than any other stainless grade. It is the …
4161
4161 is a spring-range Cr-Mo steel: 5160-class carbon and chromium with molybdenum added for temper resistance and throu…
420
420 is a hardenable 13% chromium martensitic stainless used for cutlery, surgical instruments and wear parts. Note: DIN …
420F
420F is the free-machining version of 420, resulfurized (0.15% S minimum) so that hardened stainless parts can be produc…
42CrMo4
42CrMo4 is the EN quenched-and-tempered Cr-Mo steel (1.7225), the European counterpart of AISI 4140 and one of the highe…
430
430 is the most widely used ferritic stainless steel, a 17% chromium, nickel-free grade with good corrosion resistance i…
430F
430F is the free-machining version of 430, with sulfur added for chip breaking in high-volume screw machining. It keeps …
431
431 is a nickel-bearing martensitic stainless that develops the best combination of hardness, toughness and corrosion re…
4320
4320 is a Ni-Cr-Mo carburizing steel whose ~1.8% nickel gives a markedly tougher core than 8620. It is specified for lar…
434
434 adds about 1% molybdenum to the 430 base, improving pitting resistance and giving it the best corrosion performance …
4340
4340 is a Ni-Cr-Mo steel with deep hardenability and high fatigue strength, used where 4140 runs out of section size or …
436
436 is a niobium-stabilised ferritic stainless with the molybdenum addition of 434. The stabilisation makes it more suit…
439
439 is a stabilised 17–19% chromium ferritic stainless with low carbon and nitrogen, giving better formability, weldabil…
440A
440A is the lowest-carbon member of the 440 high-carbon martensitic series, trading a little attainable hardness for tou…
440B
440B is the middle member of the 440 series, with carbon between 440A and 440C, balancing edge hardness against toughnes…
440C
440C is a high-carbon martensitic stainless capable of the highest hardness of any standard stainless grade, used for be…
444
444 is a stabilised, molybdenum-bearing super-ferritic stainless whose pitting resistance rivals 316L while being immune…
446
446 is a high-chromium ferritic heat-resistant grade with outstanding oxidation and sulfidation resistance at high tempe…
4620
4620 is a Ni-Mo carburizing steel without chromium: the nickel-molybdenum pair gives a tough, ductile core and a case th…
4720
4720 is a mid-nickel Ni-Cr-Mo carburizing steel between 8620 and 4320 in cost and core toughness. It serves medium-duty …
4815
4815 is a high-nickel (3.5%) Ni-Mo carburizing steel for premium gears needing maximum core toughness and case fatigue r…
4820
4820 is the higher-carbon companion of 4815 in the 3.5% nickel carburizing family, giving a stronger core at the same ca…
50
50 is the GB/T 699 grade matching AISI 1050 and JIS S50C, a higher-carbon machinery steel for parts needing spring-like …
50CrVA
50CrVA is China’s GB/T 1222 designation of the global 51CrV4 / AISI 6150 spring steel — the vanadium-bearing Cr spring g…
50Mn
50Mn is the GB/T 699 high-manganese counterpart of grade 50, giving better hardenability for Q&T shafts and wear parts a…
5120
5120 is a chromium case-hardening steel for small gears and wear parts. With about 0.8% chromium it forms a hard carburi…
5130
5130 is a medium carbon chromium steel for moderately loaded Q&T parts. It offers a hardenability step above 1030/5140-c…
5140
5140 is a medium-carbon chromium steel for moderately loaded shafts, gears and bolts — the chromium-only (no molybdenum)…
5150
5150 is a medium-high carbon chromium steel used for stronger springs, axles and gears. It is the chromium-step between …
5160
5160 is the classic chromium spring steel of the Americas, standard for vehicle leaf springs and agricultural blades. It…
5195
5195 is a high carbon chromium steel closely related to the bearing steel family, used where 1095-class hardness is need…
52100
52100 is the world-standard through-hardening bearing steel (ASTM A295): about 1% carbon and 1.5% chromium, hardened to …
55
55 is the GB/T 699 equivalent of AISI 1055 / JIS S55C, bridging machinery and spring applications with plain-carbon econ…
55Cr3
55Cr3 is the EN chromium spring steel (1.7176) for hot-rolled spring bar and flat products. It occupies the same niche a…
55Si7
55Si7 (1.5026) is the classic silicon spring steel of EN 10089: 1.6–2.0% silicon raises the elastic limit and temper res…
5CrMnMo
5CrMnMo is the nickel-free companion to 5CrNiMo in GB/T 1299: manganese replaces nickel for hardenability in medium forg…
5CrNiMo
5CrNiMo is China’s standard hammer forging die steel (GB/T 1299), a Ni-Cr-Mo grade that through-hardens in very large di…
60
60 is the highest-carbon GB/T 699 machinery grade in common trade (AISI 1060 class), used where plain-carbon spring and …
60Si2CrA
60Si2CrA is the chromium-upgraded silicon spring steel of GB/T 1222: adding ~1% Cr to the 60Si2Mn base raises hardenabil…
60Si2Mn
60Si2Mn is China’s standard silicon-manganese spring steel (GB/T 1222), produced in very large tonnage for vehicle and m…
6150
6150 is a Cr-V spring steel: the vanadium refines grain and lifts fatigue strength, making it the premium choice for hig…
65Mn
65Mn is China’s manganese spring steel (GB/T 1222): a high carbon steel whose 0.90–1.20% manganese buys real through-har…
8115
8115 is a lean triple-alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo) carburizing steel designed for economical case hardening of small parts. Small ad…
8615
8615 is the low-carbon member of the 86xx triple-alloy carburizing family, sharing 8620 alloy content at slightly lower …
8617
8617 is a carburizing steel midway between 8615 and 8620 in carbon content, with the same Ni-Cr-Mo alloy package. Many m…
8620
8620 is the standard carburizing (case-hardening) gear steel of the Americas: a low-carbon Ni-Cr-Mo grade that forms a h…
8630
8630 is a Q&T Ni-Cr-Mo steel for cast and forged parts — wellheads, valves and aircraft components — where its castabili…
8640
8640 is the 0.40% carbon triple-alloy Q&T steel: 4140-class strength with nickel for extra toughness, common in aircraft…
8740
8740 is chemically 8640 with a higher molybdenum floor, specified where a guaranteed minimum hardenability response is r…
904L
904L is a high-nickel, molybdenum- and copper-bearing super-austenitic stainless developed for sulfuric acid and hot chl…
9255
9255 is a Si-Cr spring steel combining the sag resistance of silicon with chromium hardenability. It serves coil and lea…
9260
9260 is a silicon-manganese spring steel with about 2% silicon, giving an exceptionally high yield-to-tensile ratio and …
9840
9840 is a Ni-Cr-Mo through-hardening steel popular in Latin American specifications for shafts and high-strength parts —…
9SiCr
9SiCr is a Chinese low-alloy tool steel (GB/T 1299, of the Russian 9KhS lineage): silicon raises the tempering resistanc…
A2
A2 is an air-hardening 5% chromium cold work steel with much better toughness than D2 and far less distortion than oil-h…
A204 Gr.B
ASTM A204 Grade B is a molybdenum-alloy (0.5Mo) pressure-vessel plate whose Mo addition lifts elevated-temperature stren…
A216 WCB
ASTM A216 WCB is the world’s default cast carbon steel for valve bodies, pump casings and pressure castings — the “B” ca…
A217 WC6
ASTM A217 WC6 is the 1.25Cr-0.5Mo cast steel for high-temperature pressure castings — the cast counterpart of A387 Gr.11…
A217 WC9
ASTM A217 WC9 is the 2.25Cr-1Mo cast steel — cast counterpart of A387 Gr.22 plate and F22 forgings — for the hottest, mo…
A283 Gr.C
ASTM A283 Grade C is a low-to-intermediate tensile carbon steel plate intended for general structural and tank work not …
A302 Gr.B
ASTM A302 Grade B is a manganese-molybdenum-nickel vessel plate: the Mn-Mo base of A204 with a nickel addition for tough…
A351 CF3
ASTM A351 CF3 is the cast equivalent of 304L: carbon capped at 0.03% so welded cast assemblies resist sensitization with…
A351 CF3M
ASTM A351 CF3M is the cast equivalent of 316L — molybdenum for chloride resistance plus ≤0.03% carbon so welded castings…
A351 CF8
ASTM A351 CF8 is the cast equivalent of 304 stainless: the standard material for corrosion-resistant valve bodies, pump …
A351 CF8M
ASTM A351 CF8M is the cast equivalent of 316 stainless — the molybdenum-bearing grade for chloride-bearing process strea…
A387 Gr.11
ASTM A387 Grade 11 is the 1.25Cr-0.5Mo pressure-vessel plate for elevated-temperature service in refineries and petroche…
A387 Gr.12
ASTM A387 Grade 12 is the 1Cr-0.5Mo vessel plate, one step below Grade 11 in chromium and high-temperature strength. It …
A387 Gr.22
ASTM A387 Grade 22 is the 2.25Cr-1Mo plate behind hydrocracking and hydrotreating reactors — the workhorse alloy for hot…
A387 Gr.5
ASTM A387 Grade 5 is the 5Cr-0.5Mo pressure-vessel plate for the hottest, most corrosive refinery duties, where its chro…
A4
A4 is an air-hardening medium-alloy cold work steel using high manganese plus about 1% chromium and molybdenum for deep …
A516 Gr.60
ASTM A516 Grade 60 is a carbon pressure-vessel plate specified for moderate and low-temperature service where notch toug…
A516 Gr.65
ASTM A516 Grade 65 is the middle grade of the A516 pressure-vessel plate family, sitting between Gr.60 and the more comm…
A516 Gr.70
ASTM A516 Grade 70 is the most specified pressure-vessel plate in the world — the default carbon steel for ASME Section …
A537 Cl.1
ASTM A537 Class 1 is a heat-treated carbon-manganese-silicon vessel plate — essentially A516 chemistry given a normalizi…
A572 Gr.50
ASTM A572 Grade 50 is the standard American HSLA structural steel — the 50 ksi yield grade that replaced A36 in most US …
A572 Gr.55
ASTM A572 Grade 55 is a columbium-vanadium HSLA structural steel one step above the ubiquitous Gr.50: yield rises to ≥38…
A572 Gr.60
ASTM A572 Grade 60 is the 60 ksi member of the standard American HSLA structural family. It slots between Gr.50 and Gr.6…
A572 Gr.65
ASTM A572 Grade 65 tops the A572 family at 65 ksi yield. It is the American route to S460-class weight savings in buildi…
A6
A6 is a low-temperature air-hardening cold work steel: its high manganese content lets it harden from temperatures norma…
A7
A7 packs very high carbon with about 4% vanadium, forming a dense population of hard vanadium carbides. It sits between …
A709 Gr.50
ASTM A709 Grade 50 is the bridge version of A572 Gr.50: the same 50 ksi HSLA chemistry, but purchased to the bridge spec…
A8
A8 is an air-hardening 5% chromium cold work steel with tungsten and molybdenum, positioned between A2 and the hot work …
AH32
AH32 is a higher-strength hull structural steel (315 MPa yield) approved by the classification societies for shipbuildin…
AH36
AH36 is the most used high-tensile hull steel in the world — the 355 MPa grade that modern bulk carriers, tankers and co…
AH40
AH40 is the 390 MPa higher-tensile hull steel of the classification-society system (ASTM A131 / GB/T 712 family). It ste…
API 2H Gr.50
API 2H Grade 50 is the offshore-structure plate specification: a normalized, fine-grain C-Mn steel with 345 MPa yield, −…
API 5L Grade B
API 5L Grade B is the entry grade of the pipeline specification — the most common line-pipe steel worldwide for low and …
API 5L X42
API 5L X42 is the first of the X grades — 42 ksi minimum yield — used for moderate-pressure oil and gas pipelines. In th…
API 5L X46
X46 is the step between X42 and X52 in the API 5L line-pipe ladder — less famous than either neighbour, but written into…
API 5L X52
API 5L X52 is one of the highest-volume pipeline grades in service, covering a large share of the world’s gas transmissi…
API 5L X56
X56 fills the gap between the mass-market X52 and the high-strength X60/X65 trunk-line grades. Regional transmission and…
API 5L X60
API 5L X60 is a high-strength line-pipe grade for long-distance, high-pressure gas pipelines, where its 415 MPa yield cu…
API 5L X65
API 5L X65 is the mainstream high-grade line pipe for modern gas transmission, including many of the large-diameter Chin…
API 5L X70
API 5L X70 is the workhorse grade of modern high-pressure, large-diameter gas pipelines — most new trunk lines are desig…
API 5L X80
API 5L X80 is the highest-strength line pipe in routine production, used on flagship projects such as China’s West–East …
API C90 Casing
C90 is a controlled-hardness API 5CT grade for sour (H₂S) wells: quenched-and-tempered to a 90 ksi yield window while th…
API J55 Casing
J55 is the general-purpose API 5CT casing grade for shallow to medium-depth wells with mild service conditions. API 5CT …
API K55 Casing
K55 sits one step above J55 in the API 5CT casing ladder: the same yield window but a higher minimum tensile strength (6…
API L80 13Cr Casing
L80 13Cr is the corrosion-resistant workhorse of the CRA casing family: a true martensitic stainless chemistry written i…
API L80 Casing
L80 is the sour-service-capable API 5CT grade: same 80 ksi class as N80 but with a controlled yield window and a 23 HRC …
API N80 Casing
N80 is the mid-strength API 5CT casing and tubing grade for deeper wells beyond J55/K55 capability. Type Q (Q&T) is pref…
API P110 Casing
P110 is the high-strength API 5CT casing grade for deep, high-pressure wells where collapse and burst loads exceed L80 c…
API Q125 Casing
Q125 is the top standard strength grade in API 5CT: a 125 ksi yield casing for ultra-deep and high-pressure wells where …
API T95 Casing
T95 is the stronger sibling of C90 in the API 5CT sour-service family: 95 ksi yield with the same 25.4 HRC hardness ceil…
AR400
AR400 is the North American trade designation for 400-class abrasion-resistant plate — a hardness class (roughly 360–440…
AR500
AR500 is the 500-class abrasion-resistant plate of the North American market — again a hardness class (about 460–540 HBW…
ASTM A36
ASTM A36 is the most widely used structural carbon steel in North America, the default material for buildings, bridges a…
ASTM A514
ASTM A514 is the American 100 ksi yield Q&T alloy plate, used where section weight must come down without giving up stre…
ASTM A588
ASTM A588 is the American HSLA weathering steel specification — the 50 ksi structural grade whose Cu-Cr-Ni alloying give…
Alloy 20
Alloy 20 is a niobium-stabilized nickel-iron-chromium alloy with molybdenum and copper, developed specifically for hot s…
C60
C60 is the EN quality carbon steel (1.0601) equivalent to AISI 1060, specified on European drawings for springs, shafts …
Corten A
Corten A is the original weathering steel composition (Cu-Cr-Ni-P alloyed), forming a dense, self-protecting rust layer …
Corten B
Corten B is the structural weathering grade, normally supplied to ASTM A588 chemistry: lower phosphorus than Corten A, w…
Cr12
Cr12 is the GB/T 1299 designation of the D3-type high-carbon, high-chromium cold work steel, produced in huge volumes in…
Cr12MoV
Cr12MoV is China’s D2-family cold work steel (GB/T 1299), with somewhat less molybdenum and vanadium than AISI D2 / 1.23…
CrWMn
CrWMn is the classic Chinese gauge and die steel (GB/T 1299): a Cr-W-Mn oil-hardening grade famous for minimal size chan…
D2
D2 is the world-standard high-carbon, high-chromium cold work tool steel. Massive chromium carbides give exceptional abr…
D3
D3 is an ultra-high-carbon chromium steel with even more carbide than D2 and no Mo/V additions. It maximizes abrasive we…
D4
D4 is a deep-hardening high-carbon, high-chromium cold work steel with molybdenum and vanadium added to the D3 base chem…
D5
D5 is the cobalt-bearing member of the D-family: essentially D2 chemistry plus about 3% cobalt. The cobalt lifts hot har…
D7
D7 combines maximum carbon and chromium with about 4% vanadium, giving the highest abrasive wear resistance of any conve…
DC53
DC53 is Daido’s improved cold work steel: a rebalanced D2-type chemistry (less carbon and chromium, more molybdenum) tha…
DH36
DH36 is the −20 °C impact version of the 355 MPa hull grade, specified for vessels trading in cold waters and for expose…
DH40
DH40 pairs the 390 MPa strength of the 40-series hull steels with impact toughness certified at −20 °C. It is specified …
EH32
EH32 is the −40 °C toughness version of the 315 MPa hull grade, used for polar and cold-climate vessels and offshore str…
EH36
EH36 is the premium 355 MPa hull grade with impact toughness guaranteed at −40 °C — standard for LNG/LPG carriers, ice-g…
EH40
EH40 is the arctic member of the 390 MPa hull-steel family: same chemistry window as AH40/DH40, but impact-certified at …
GCr15
GCr15 is China’s standard bearing steel (GB/T 18254), the domestic designation of the 52100/100Cr6/SUJ2 family. Chinese …
GCr15SiMn
GCr15SiMn is the high-hardenability bearing steel of GB/T 18254: extra silicon and manganese over GCr15 let large bearin…
GP240GH
GP240GH (1.0619) is the EN 10213 cast carbon steel for pressure parts — the European counterpart of ASTM A216 WCB, speci…
Grade A (ship)
Grade A is the baseline ordinary-strength hull steel of the classification-society system (IACS UR W11, mirrored by ASTM…
Grade B (ship)
Grade B is the ordinary-strength hull steel with a 0 °C impact guarantee — the default shell and deck plate for vessels …
Grade D (ship)
Grade D extends ordinary-strength hull steel to −20 °C impact service. It is the 235 MPa grade chosen for hulls that tra…
Grade E (ship)
Grade E is the −40 °C member of the ordinary-strength ship steels: 235 MPa yield with Charpy toughness guaranteed at −40…
H10
H10 is a Cr-Mo hot work steel with lower chromium and higher molybdenum than H13, giving it better thermal conductivity …
H11
H11 is a 5% chromium hot work steel similar to H13 but with less vanadium, giving slightly higher toughness and deep air…
H12
H12 is an H13-family hot work steel with about 1.5% tungsten added and slightly less vanadium. The tungsten improves res…
H13
H13 is the global standard hot work tool steel for aluminum die casting and extrusion. Its Cr-Mo-V chemistry resists hea…
H19
H19 is a tungsten-cobalt hot work steel with red hardness well beyond the 5% chromium family. It serves the hottest die …
H21
H21 is the classic 9% tungsten hot work steel, long the standard for brass extrusion and hot die work in Asia as 3Cr2W8V…
H23
H23 pairs about 12% chromium with 12% tungsten for hot work at the top of the temperature range, where oxidation and sof…
H42
H42 is chemically a molybdenum high-speed steel (close to the M2 family) that ASTM classes with the hot work steels beca…
L2
L2 is a low-alloy special-purpose tool steel supplied in several carbon bands matched to section size and duty. Its Cr-V…
L6
L6 is a nickel-chromium oil-hardening steel prized for toughness in large tools. The nickel content deepens hardening an…
M1
M1 is a molybdenum high-speed steel with the tungsten mostly replaced by about 8.7% molybdenum, making it tougher than T…
M2
M2 is the most widely used high-speed steel in the world, balancing red hardness, toughness and cost for cutting tools o…
M35
M35 is M2 with about 5% cobalt added, the most popular cobalt high-speed steel worldwide. The cobalt raises red hardness…
M36
M36 applies the 8% cobalt treatment to the M2 base composition, giving red hardness close to M42 with a slightly differe…
M4
M4 raises carbon and vanadium to about 4% each over the M2 base, giving outstanding abrasive wear resistance among conve…
M42
M42 is a molybdenum-cobalt high-speed steel reaching 67–70 HRC, the hardest of the widely stocked conventional HSS grade…
M50
M50 is a molybdenum high-speed steel developed for rolling bearings in jet engines, where it keeps hardness and fatigue …
M7
M7 is the high-carbon, higher-vanadium development of M1, tuned for deep-hole drills and tools that need maximum edge ha…
Mn13 (Hadfield)
Mn13 is the high-manganese Hadfield steel (ZGMn13 / 1.3401 / ASTM A128): soft and extremely tough as solution-treated, i…
NM360
NM360 is the entry grade of China’s GB/T 24186 abrasion-resistant plate family: a 360 HBW class plate that roughly tripl…
NM400
NM400 is China’s 400 HBW class abrasion-resistant plate (GB/T 24186), the workhorse for mining and earthmoving wear part…
NM450
NM450 sits between NM400 and NM500 in the GB/T 24186 family: a 450 HBW class plate for severe sliding abrasion that stil…
NM500
NM500 is the 500 HBW abrasion-resistant plate for severe wear: roughly double the service life of NM400 in sliding abras…
NM550
NM550 is the 550 HBW member of the GB/T 24186 family, aimed at extreme sliding abrasion where NM500 wears through too fa…
NM600
NM600 is the hardest grade in the GB/T 24186 family (570 HBW and up): maximum resistance to sliding abrasion for flat we…
O1
O1 is a general-purpose oil-hardening tool steel — cheap, easy to heat treat with basic equipment, and dimensionally sta…
O2
O2 is an oil-hardening manganese tool steel that hardens deeper and more uniformly than O1 at the same simple heat treat…
O6
O6 is a graphitic oil-hardening tool steel: free graphite particles in its microstructure act as a solid lubricant. It r…
P20
P20 is the American prehardened mold steel standard (ASTM A681), a Cr-Mo steel used for plastic injection molds worldwid…
P265GH
P265GH is the EN 10028-2 workhorse pressure-vessel steel for European boiler and vessel fabrication — the normalized C-M…
P355GH
P355GH is the EN 10028-2 carbon steel for pressure purposes at elevated temperature — the European counterpart of A516 G…
P91 / X10CrMoVNb9-1
P91 is the 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb creep-strength-enhanced ferritic steel that made modern ultra-supercritical power stations possi…
P92 / X10CrWMoVNb9-2
P92 takes the P91 recipe and swaps part of the molybdenum for 1.5–2% tungsten plus a boron addition, buying roughly 30% …
Q235B
Q235B is China’s everyday carbon structural steel — the volume grade for domestic construction, plate, sections and weld…
Q345B / 16Mn
Q345B is China’s HSLA structural steel (successor of 16Mn) for welded structures, pressure equipment and seamless pipe —…
Q345R
Q345R is China’s standard pressure-vessel plate to GB/T 713 — the R (容， vessel) variant of the Q345 family with tighter …
Q355B
Q355B is the current GB/T 1591 designation that replaced Q345B in the 2018 revision, with the yield class raised from 34…
Q355D
Q355D is the low-temperature quality of China’s Q355 HSLA series to GB/T 1591 — the successor designation to Q345D. It g…
Q390B
Q390B is the 390 MPa step in the GB/T 1591 HSLA ladder, microalloyed with Nb/V/Ti for strength without a carbon increase…
Q420B
Q420B is a 420 MPa yield HSLA steel to GB/T 1591, widely used in Chinese crane, mining and power-transmission constructi…
Q460C
Q460C is the 460 MPa class of GB/T 1591, the standard high-strength grade for landmark Chinese steel structures — it was…
Q690D
Q690D is China’s 690 MPa Q&T structural plate, produced by mills such as Wugang and Baowu for cranes, mining trucks and …
R260
R260 is the world’s standard rail steel grade to EN 13674-1, a pearlitic carbon-manganese steel whose as-rolled head har…
R350HT
R350HT is the heat-treated premium rail grade of EN 13674-1. In-line head hardening refines the pearlitic microstructure…
S1
S1 is the original tungsten shock-resisting tool steel, built for tools that take repeated hammer blows. Its Cr-W chemis…
S2
S2 is a water-hardening shock-resisting steel with high silicon and molybdenum but no chromium or tungsten. It delivers …
S235JR
S235JR is the baseline non-alloy structural steel of EN 10025-2, the default grade for ordinary steel construction acros…
S25C
S25C is the JIS G4051 carbon steel at 0.25% carbon — the Japanese designation matching AISI 1025. It sits between the mi…
S275J0
S275J0 is the 0 °C impact-tested version of S275, specified where the structure sees sub-ambient service temperatures. C…
S275J2
S275J2 is the low-temperature quality of the S275 family to EN 10025-2: same 275 MPa yield as S275JR, but with Charpy to…
S275JR
S275JR is the middle step of the EN 10025-2 structural family, offering about 17% more yield strength than S235JR at a s…
S32760 (F55)
S32760 (sold as Zeron 100 / F55) is a super duplex stainless alloyed with tungsten and copper on top of the 25% chromium…
S355J0
S355J0 sits between S355JR and the −20 °C grade S355J2 in the EN 10025-2 family, with a 0 °C impact guarantee. It is wid…
S355J2
S355J2 is Europe’s structural HSLA steel (EN 10025-2), the benchmark for welded structures, machinery and pipe where −20…
S355K2
S355K2 is the high-toughness quality of S355 to EN 10025-2. Where S355J2 guarantees 27 J at −20 °C, K2 raises the bar to…
S355NL
S355NL is the low-temperature grade of EN 10025-3 normalized fine-grain structural steels. It matches S355N in strength …
S35C
S35C is the JIS medium-carbon steel matching AISI 1035 / EN C35 — the entry point of the genuinely heat-treatable carbon…
S460M
S460M is the −20 °C quality of the TMCP 460 grade to EN 10025-4. Controlled rolling and accelerated cooling deliver 460 …
S460ML
S460ML is a thermomechanically rolled fine-grain steel to EN 10025-4 with a 460 MPa yield and impact toughness guarantee…
S5
S5 uses about 2% silicon to reach exceptional toughness — in classic tool steel comparisons it tops the shock-resistance…
S50C
S50C is the JIS medium-carbon steel slightly richer in carbon than S45C/1045, popular in Asian supply chains for machine…
S55C
S55C is the higher-carbon member of the JIS G4051 family (AISI 1055 / EN C55 class), used where a carbon steel must take…
S690QL
S690QL is the EN 10025-6 quenched-and-tempered structural steel with 690 MPa minimum yield — the grade behind weight-cri…
S7
S7 is an air-hardening shock-resisting steel with 3.25% chromium and molybdenum, combining S-class toughness with low di…
S890QL
S890QL is the EN 10025-6 Q&T structural plate with 890 MPa minimum yield — a step beyond S690QL for boom and chassis des…
S960QL
S960QL is the strongest grade in the EN 10025-6 structural family: 960 MPa minimum yield with −40 °C toughness, for the …
SAE 1020
SAE 1020 is a low-carbon steel for general engineering: easily machined, formed and welded, and the default material for…
SAE 1518
SAE 1518 is a carbon-manganese steel: low carbon like 1020 but with 1.10–1.40% manganese for higher as-rolled strength —…
SCM415
SCM415 is the low-carbon Cr-Mo carburizing steel of JIS G4053 — the Japanese gear and pinion grade in the AISI 4118 clas…
SCM420
SCM420 is the 0.20% carbon Cr-Mo carburizing steel of JIS G4053 (AISI 4120 class) — the standard Japanese grade for medi…
SCM430
SCM430 is the JIS G4053 chromium-molybdenum machine structural steel corresponding to AISI 4130, with a slightly higher …
SCM435
SCM435 is the JIS Cr-Mo through-hardening steel matching AISI 4135 and EN 34CrMo4 — one step below SCM440/4140 in carbon…
SCM440
SCM440 is the JIS Cr-Mo steel matching 4140/42CrMo4 — the designation on Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese certificates for…
SCr420
SCr420 is the chromium-only carburizing steel of JIS G4053, the Japanese counterpart of AISI 5120. Without molybdenum it…
SCr440
SCr440 is the JIS designation of the 5140/40Cr chromium through-hardening steel — the designation on Japanese, Korean an…
SKD11
SKD11 is the JIS cold work tool steel equivalent to AISI D2 and DIN 1.2379 — the Asian-market designation buyers meet on…
SKD61
SKD61 is the JIS designation of the H13 hot work steel family — the grade name seen on Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese ce…
SKD7
SKD7 is a JIS hot work tool steel of the 3% Cr–3% Mo–V type, the near counterpart of AISI H10. Its molybdenum-rich chemi…
SKS3
SKS3 is the JIS oil-hardening alloy tool steel — the Japanese counterpart of AISI O1 / DIN 1.2510, a Mn-Cr-W grade that …
SM490A
SM490A is the weldable structural steel of JIS G3106 — rolled steel for welded structures with controlled chemistry (C ≤…
SM520B
SM520B is the 520 MPa tensile class of JIS G3106 weldable structural steel, with yield of at least 365 MPa in thin secti…
SM570
SM570 is the highest-strength grade of JIS G3106 rolled steel for welded structures: tensile 570–720 MPa with yield from…
SNCM220
SNCM220 is the JIS Ni-Cr-Mo carburizing steel — the exact JIS designation of the AISI 8620 gear steel concept, and also …
SNCM439
SNCM439 is the JIS designation of the 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo through-hardening steel — deep hardenability and high fatigue streng…
SPA-H
SPA-H is the JIS G3125 hot-rolled weathering steel — Japan’s Corten A equivalent, mass-produced for containers, vehicles…
SS400
SS400 is Japan’s general structural steel under JIS G3101 and one of the most traded structural grades in Asia. The “400…
SS490
SS490 is the higher-strength grade of JIS G3101, a 490–610 MPa tensile class structural steel with yield of at least 285…
STKM13A
STKM13A is a JIS G3444 carbon steel tube for machine structural purposes — the 370 MPa class tube Japanese machinery mak…
STPG370
STPG370 is the JIS G3454 carbon steel pipe for pressure service at the 370 MPa tensile level — the Japanese counterpart …
STPG410
STPG410 is the higher-strength JIS G3454 pressure pipe grade, the counterpart class to ASTM A106 Grade B — the most wide…
SUH35 (21-4N)
SUH35 is the JIS G4311 heat-resistant valve steel known worldwide as 21-4N: an austenitic Cr-Mn-Ni-N steel whose nitroge…
T1
T1 is the original 18-4-1 tungsten high-speed steel from which the whole HSS family descends. It remains in use for lath…
T10
T10 is the ~1.0% carbon tool steel of GB/T 1299, harder and more wear-resistant than T8/T7 — the Chinese standard grade …
T15
T15 combines high carbon, about 5% vanadium and 5% cobalt on a 12% tungsten base — the wear-resistance flagship of the c…
T4
T4 adds about 5% cobalt to the T1 base for extra red hardness in heavy cuts and roughing work. It is a legacy grade, lar…
T8
T8 is the GB/T 1299 carbon tool steel of the W1 family — a plain 0.80% carbon water-hardening steel for hand tools, punc…
U71Mn
U71Mn is China’s standard carbon rail steel to GB/T 2585, the pearlitic C-Mn grade laid on most conventional-speed lines…
U75V
U75V is China’s vanadium-microalloyed rail steel to GB/T 2585, the workhorse upgrade over U71Mn for busy passenger and f…
W1
W1 is the classic water-hardening carbon tool steel, ordered by carbon class from about 0.70% to 1.30% C. It forms a ver…
X20CrMoV11-1 / 1.4922
X20CrMoV11-1 (1.4922) is the 12% chromium martensitic creep steel that carried European steam plant at 540–580 °C for de…
Y12
Y12 is China’s standard sulfur-phosphorus free-cutting steel (GB/T 8731), the domestic equivalent of the 1215 concept. I…
Y15
Y15 is the higher-carbon companion of Y12 in China’s sulfur-phosphorus free-cutting family (GB/T 8731): the same low-sil…
Y20
Y20 moves China’s free-cutting family (GB/T 8731) to a 0.20% carbon base with sulfur-only chip-breaking (no phosphorus b…
Y30
Y30 is the 0.30% carbon member of the GB/T 8731 free-cutting family: sulfur (0.15–0.25%) keeps it fast on the lathe whil…
Y40Mn
Y40Mn is the top-strength grade of China’s GB/T 8731 free-cutting family: 0.40% carbon with 1.20–1.55% manganese (the co…